A B S T R A C T Transformations such as globalization, the contiguity of geographical spaces, as well as developments in the field of military technologies have transformed the issue of defense as the main factor for the survival of countries. Because the transformation from hard to soft war and then the smart war in recent decades has changed the approaches to defense. These transformations have led to the development of discussions about defense purposes. Meanwhile, Middle East countries have a prominent position and importance in terms of defense due to their special conditions. This article has tried to investigate the BASIC dimensions affecting the defense of foreign countries with descriptive and analytical methods, using library and field findings and Smart-PLS software. The results of the current research show that the effective components in the current research include 130 items that are placed in the form of 15 dimensions. The importance of these dimensions in defense of the Middle East countries is, respectively, geopolitical dimension with a 0.43 score, military dimension with a 0.41 score, economic dimension with a 0.41 score, political dimension with a 0.39 score, hydrology dimension with a 0.34 score, security dimension with a 0.32 score, social dimension with a 0.29 score, demographic dimension with a 0.28 score, cultural dimension with a 0.26 score, scientific-health dimension with a 0.25 score, geomorphological dimension with a 0.25 score, mathematical dimension with a 0.2 score, climatic dimension with a 0.2 score, biological dimension with a 0.2 score and soil dimension with a 0.18 score. Extended Abstract Introduction Security and defense are among the most vital issues for the preservation and survival of countries. In fact, defense and military affairs are necessary for countries' independence and political, cultural and economic development. Among them, geography and political geography are prominent fields that directly affect defense issues. Actions taken by a country in dimensions (political, military, economic, etc.) in order to maintain security and territorial integrity, guarantee independence and protection of its people against any enemy attack, will organize the geographical (spatial) environment, wise and appropriate distribution of critical places and sensitive centers and infrastructures are identified by taking into account the threats and the correct use of environmental capacities in political, economic, social, cultural, etc. dimensions, and as a result, it can lead to stability and stability in the country's geographical space. The design of defense planning model according to the economic, cultural, political and environmental features in the new era when countries are facing external and internal threats as a sub-branch of territorial planning has received the attention and importance of officials and governance systems in order to be able to reduce these threats with accurate and systematic planning in the geographical space, defense planning is not separate from the flow of national and regional planning. It is important to pay attention to it based on the type and amount of external and internal threats to governance. Due to the expansion of the security circle, the government is not only responsible for creating military security. However, it must also exercise part of its authority in the direction of territorial management. On the other hand, there has been a transformation in the form of threats and wars based on changes and the movement from hard to soft war and finally, smart war is the basis for reviewing and recognizing the components that can be used in defense of countries, including the Middle East countries, have a prominent position and importance. Despite the internal differences between countries, the Middle East has commonalities and connections that can directly affect the overall defense of this geographical space.   Methodology In terms of type and purpose, the current research is fundamentally applied. Also, it is descriptive and analytical in terms of nature. This research, in addition to the correct and realistic depiction of the defense situation of the Middle East countries, it is tried to provide a suitable model for the defense of the countries. The sources used in the current research are library and field sources (questionnaires). According to the subject of the current research, the statistical population of this research is a collection of people, experts and elites who have sufficient knowledge, experience and expertise regarding the research topic, which is the design of the defense model, according to the nature of the Delphi pattern model, at least the statistical population based on the sources should be between twenty and fifty people to reach statistical saturation. The number of selected samples included 51 people who were identified in the form of a non-random sampling pattern and introduced as a statistical sample in the framework of the Delphi model. Due to the qualitative nature of this research, it has been tried to use the Delphi model in the framework of the targeted non-random model. Therefore, based on these cases, the current research has selected the maximum statistical population of 51 elites, experts, and opinionated people in this field. In this research, to evaluate the research hypotheses in the form of the hardness equations model, the partial least squares method and the SMART-PLS software, which is a variance-based path modeling technique and provides the possibility of checking the theory and metrics simultaneously, have been exerted.   Results and discussion In this research, approaches such as political, military, cultural, etc., in the field of land use have been discussed. In the meantime, the defense of countries as an emerging approach is significant. According to the developments in geographical spaces, such as the evolution of military-defense technologies, the connection of geographical spaces to each other and most importantly, the movement from hard and soft war to smart war has witnessed a transformation and wide attention in a way that countries are suited to these developments are trying to prepare the geographical space of their country in terms of defense. Therefore, the defense planning of the Middle East countries as a geographical region has great importance from a geopolitical and strategic point of view, which indicates that the countries of this region face threats and complex defense-security issues in different ways.   Conclusion The results of the present research show that the defense planning in developing countries should be considered according to their characteristics, considering all 15 dimensions, which include 130 components. In the design of the defense planning of these countries, attention should be paid to the weight and importance of the shaping dimensions. In general, it can be said that the defense planning of the Middle East countries is proportional to the geographical features of these countries and on the other hand, considering the developments in the field of threats and moving from hard to smart war, 15 dimensions should be considered for the defense of these countries.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

The English biologist and philosopher, Richard Dawkins, in his simplicity argument claims that the BASIC rules of PHYSICS are simple, so it is actually more likely that the relatively simple LAWS of nature would be came into existence for no reason than that they would be designed by a God whose being would have to be more complex than they are. Thus, there is no God. By contrast, keith Ward and other theist philosophers like Richard Swinburne and Alvin Plantinga with separating “exclusive” and “inclusive” simplicity, defends from “integrative” simplicity of God. The existence of God integrates all elements, products of evolution and natural BASIC rules, in a comprehensive system, thus, it is simplest explanation, while Dawkins’s materialistic view, is not enough explanatory. So “simplicity argument”, is in fact, “the fallacy of simplicity”. In this article, it is tried to deny Dawkins’s simplicity argument.

Modern (theoretical) PHYSICS seems to be in deep crisis today as many of its core aspects are not empirically well-confirmed. Heated exchanges among physicists on the scientific status of physical theories with little or, at best, a tenuous connection to possible experimental tests is highly visible in the popular scientific literature. Some physicists (e.g., Carroll 2014, 2019; Ijjas et al., 2017) argue that science must discard empirical testability as one of its defining properties and the highly explanatory theories of present-day PHYSICS should be exempted from experimental testing, while others (e.g., Ellis & Silk 2014) spot in these arguments (for softening the testability or falsifiability requirement for modern PHYSICS) a dangerous tendency to undermine science. The philosopher of science who naturally draws most attention in these current debates is Karl Popper (1902-1994). His views, however, are often misrepresented in these debates. The prime objective of this paper is to explain how a more enlightened perspective on the ongoing debates can be obtained by a careful scrutiny of the Popperian criterion of falsifiability. As a first step in achieving this objective we will analyze the two major (conceptual) failures on which the current controversies rest. Our next step will be examining the controversial string theory to see whether the criteria of falsifiability is a ‘blunt instrument’ for determining its scientific status.

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the conceptual change model (CCM) on learning the BASIC concepts of Electrostatics. CCM is an active teaching method that puts emphasis on children's preconception. The underlying principles of CCM are derived from constructivist theory. The growing body of research shows that students’ knowledge about PHYSICS has formal aspects rather than being useful and usable. Students encounter problems in understanding PHYSICS concepts (such as static electricity), therefore their perception and understanding is often subject to misconception. Thus, Electrostatics was considered as the subject of this study. The study population comprised of female junior high school students. Design used in this study was the quasi-experimental method of Solomon four-group design. The samples selected conveniently and randomly were assigned to two experimental and two control groups. Researcher-made tests of academic achievement in three areas of knowledge, comprehension and application of concepts, were used as the data collection tools. Then, central and dispersion measures, the t-test and two-way analysis of variance were used to test the hypotheses. Research findings showed that CCM teaching methods are superior to the traditional way of teaching and learning PHYSICS concepts in detecting and correcting misconceptions.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine and analyze the critiques of the theory of the “ Matthew effect" with the existing LAWS in PHYSICS and their approach to each other to clearly and objectively generalize the debates of critics of this theory in the sociology of science. Methodology: The approach of the present research is qualitative and the library and document methods, evidence-based, and content and comparative analysis (bibliometrics) were used to answer the research questions. Findings: There are factors and norms in beings, including the dimensions of the Jones model in scientific communities (scientists, universities, and journals), as well as temperature and pressure in the density of objects, which affect them through changes and transformations. So, scientific communities and the density of objects are not subconsciously different in forms and degrees. For example, the density of copper at a temperature of 100 degrees Celsius is lower than the density of copper at a temperature of zero degrees Celsius, and similarly, the progress of the scientific community of third world countries is less than developed countries due to lack of quantitative and qualitative indicators. Conclustion: Just as the density of an object changes as the motion of its molecules with increasing and decreasing temperature or pressure, different communities are not spontaneously at lower and upper scientific levels. Rather, each of the scientific communities, under the received scientific benefits, is expected to gain a worthy position according to their set of factors and talents; and visibility is achieved according to the capacity of each scientific community.

Tourism is one of the largest and fastest growing industries in the world. It is an increasingly important source of income, employment and wealth in many countries. Tourism can be considered one of the most remarkable socio-economic phenomena of the twentieth century. Economical, cultural, social, and political and security benefits of tourism cause that all the governments use of it. But tourism situation is different among countries. Iran has a lot of tourism attractions but does not success in this industry. This country is one of the first countries that legislated law for tourism development in Middle East and even Asia from 80 year ago. The tourism industry in Iran has affected in the past by politics part. Iran's national documents and LAWS are one of the factors that can determine tourism situation in Iran. This article surveyed the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the view document of Iran in 2025, the document of the comprehensive scientific map of Iran, the plans of five-annual development (five programs from first to fifth) and law of establishing cultural heritage tourism organization. We used container analysis method. The results show that tourism does not attend in national documents and LAWS and these documents and LAWS have reduction view to tourism industry.

The method of metaPHYSICS: MetaPHYSICS is empirical but depends not, like the sciences, on recondite experience but on close attention to aspects of everyday experience we ordinarily scarcely notice. "Real" is a broader concept than "exists" (which applies only to particulars) and also applies to phenomena, kinds, and LAWS, which are real, but not, of course, existent entities. But "there are real kinds, LAWS, etc." doesn't imply that all the kinds and LAWS we believe are real, are. I call my approach "Innocent Realism" because--though it's certainly not naive--it requires attending to experience, so far as possible, without substantial preconceptions. There is one real world, enormously varied but also integrated. It includes physical stuff, kinds, LAWS, etc. and, here on earth, a vast array of human artifacts, physical, social, intellectual, and imaginative, all intimately interconnected. All this requires human mindedness (a better word than "mind" because it doesn't suggest that human mentality is an organ like the heart or the liver). Rather, it's a complex congeries of dispositions and abilities: to understand even such a relatively simple thing as what's involved in someone's believing something, we need to take account of the person's dispositions to behavior, verbal and otherwise; to the neurophysiological realizations of these dispositions; and to their connections to the world and to words in the person's linguistic community--this last requiring other people's words-world connection. "Virtual" reality is just one more computer artifact, clever, no doubt, but not metaphysically startling. It's oversold, but this is advertising hype, not serious metaPHYSICS.

Changes in Iranian society have long been influenced by religious issues. Among others, we can mention the legal-political tendencies of the constitutional period and the period of the Islamic Republic, each of which has led to the formation of different LAWS. The question of the present article is how the jurisprudential-political tendencies of the constitutional period and the Islamic Republic have influenced the process of the formation of LAWS? The hypothesis of the article is that the three factors of repelling tyranny, the limited or extensive authority of the jurist and the customary or Shariah perception of the law, are the most important factors influencing the formation of the LAWS of the constitutional era and the period c. A. It has been Iran. The results of the research show that jurisprudential-political tendencies in the period of constitutionalism and c. A. Due to the lack of wide powers for jurists, Iran used to be within the limits of customary LAWS, but during the period of the Islamic Republic, due to the wide powers of the jurists in the constitution, the Shari'a aspect was considered as a source of legislation as well as the prevention of tyranny. has been If in the constitutional period, the law, the conditionality of the monarchy, and the customary nature of politics are part of the sources of legislation, then in the trend of political Islam resulting in the Islamic Republic, Sharia rulings are considered as a deterrent to tyranny and a factor for legislation. The method used in this research is descriptive-analytical and using documentary and library sources.